Lithium-ion battery: A battery that uses materials that can undergo lithium ion embedding/de-embedding reactions as positive and negative active materials, and uses organic electrolytes or polymer electrolytes containing lithium salts. It is a secondary battery (i.e., a rechargeable battery) that mainly relies on the movement of lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes to work.
Battery (monomer) cell : refers to the basic device and basic unit that directly converts chemical energy into electrical energy, also known as a battery cell. It is the basic component of a battery and generates electrical energy through internal chemical reactions.
Lithium battery: A type of battery that uses lithium metal or lithium alloy as positive/negative electrode materials and non-aqueous electrolyte solutions. Among them, lithium-ion battery (LIB) is the most widely used type. It does not contain metallic lithium, but uses lithium alloy metal oxide as positive electrode material and graphite as negative electrode material, and realizes the transmission of lithium ions through non-aqueous electrolyte.
Primary cell: A device that generates electric current through redox reaction, that is, a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy by using the electrode potential difference between electrodes.
Secondary cell: An electrochemical device that can store chemical energy and release electrical energy when necessary. It converts electrical energy into chemical energy when charging and stores it, and converts chemical energy into electrical energy when discharging.
Fuel cell: A device that converts the chemical energy of fuel and oxidant (usually oxygen) directly into electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction. This conversion process is not limited by the Carnot cycle and therefore has a higher energy conversion efficiency.
Alkaline cell:It is a battery that uses the chemical reaction between zinc and manganese dioxide to generate electricity. It can be a primary cell or a storage cell. The main feature of this type of battery is that its electrolyte is alkaline, usually potassium hydroxide (KOH) aqueous solution is used as the electrolyte, hence the name "alkaline battery".
Dry cell:Also known as a primary cell, it is a voltaic cell that produces direct current by using an absorbent (such as sawdust or gelatin) to make the contents into a non-spillable paste.
Solid electrolyte cell:It is a battery that uses solid electrolytes instead of traditional liquid electrolytes. According to the degree of solidification, solid-state batteries can be divided into semi-solid batteries and all-solid-state batteries. Semi-solid batteries reduce the amount of electrolyte used on the basis of liquid batteries and add composite electrolytes; while all-solid-state batteries completely eliminate the original electrolyte, use solid electrolytes, and separate the positive and negative electrodes in the form of thin films.
All solid state rechargeable Li-ion battery : As the name implies, it refers to a lithium-ion battery in which the electrodes (positive and negative electrodes) and electrolytes in the battery are solid. This battery consists of three parts: positive electrode material, solid electrolyte and negative electrode material, and does not contain any liquid components. The positive electrode usually uses lithium metal or lithium ion compounds, the negative electrode uses carbon materials or lithium titanates, and the solid electrolyte is composed of inorganic solid materials, such as oxides, sulfides or phosphates.
Gel polymer rechargeable Li-ion battery: a lithium-ion battery that uses a gel polymer electrolyte as an ion-conducting medium. This battery is similar in structure to a liquid lithium-ion battery, but the main difference lies in the electrolyte. The gel polymer electrolyte is composed of a mixture of polymers and salts, and additives such as plasticizers may be added to improve ionic conductivity. This electrolyte can be in a "dry state" or a "colloidal state", most of which use polymer gel electrolytes.
Semi-solid state Li-ion battery: refers to a battery in which one electrode does not contain liquid electrolyte, and the other electrode contains liquid electrolyte, or the mass or volume of the solid electrolyte in the monomer accounts for half of the total mass or volume of the electrolyte in the monomer. This battery combines some characteristics of liquid batteries and solid-state batteries, retaining the high ionic conductivity of liquid batteries and having the high safety and structural stability of solid-state batteries.
Coin Li-ion cell: Also known as lithium-ion button cell or button cell, it is a battery with small dimensions, large diameter and thin thickness. The working principle is based on the reversible embedding and de-embedding of lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes. When charging, lithium ions are de-embedded from the positive electrode material, move to the negative electrode through the electrolyte and embed into the negative electrode material; when discharging, lithium ions are de-embedded from the negative electrode, return to the positive electrode through the electrolyte, and electrons flow from the negative electrode to the positive electrode through the external circuit to generate electrical energy.
Jelly roll: A jelly roll is a tubular structure used to support and protect the rolled material, and its shape is usually cylindrical or conical.
Battery can: As an important component of the battery, it is mainly used to package and protect the electrolyte and electrodes inside the battery.
Cell lid: A cover designed for batteries. Its main function is to protect the internal structure and circuit of the battery and prevent external factors such as dust, moisture or other contaminants from entering the battery, thereby affecting the normal operation of the battery. It is usually installed on the top or side of the battery to ensure the internal closure of the battery through a sealing or locking mechanism.
Battery sealing compound: a chemical substance or mixture specially used to seal the opening of the battery shell. Its main functions include: protecting the inside of the battery, providing sealing, and enhancing battery safety.
Electrode: It is a kind of experimental equipment used for detecting electrical signals, conducting electrical stimulation and recording nerve cell activities. It is widely used in many fields such as biotechnology, medical equipment, electronic products, and automobiles. According to their functions and usage, electrodes can be divided into many types, such as recording electrodes, electrical stimulation electrodes, reference electrodes, and grounding electrodes. In addition, according to different materials and uses, electrodes can be further subdivided into self-adhesive electrodes, silicone electrodes, conductive electrodes, non-woven fabric electrodes, and other types.
Positive electrode: Usually refers to an electrode with high potential that contains active substances that undergo reduction reactions during discharge. It is a key part of lithium-ion batteries for storing and releasing lithium ions.
Negative electrode: usually refers to an electrode with a high potential that contains active substances that undergo a reduction reaction during discharge. In a battery, the negative electrode is the end with a lower potential. During the discharge process, the negative electrode releases electrons and accepts lithium ions from the positive electrode.
Lithium iron phosphate ( LFP) : It is a lithium-ion battery electrode material with the chemical formula LiFePO 4 (LFP for short). It has the advantages of high energy density, high safety and long life.
Nickel Cobalt Manganese: Nickel Cobalt Manganese is a key ternary cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, with a chemical formula of LiNi x Co y Mn 1-xy O 2. It has a higher specific capacity and lower cost than single cathode materials. Lithium cobalt oxide is one of the most widely used battery materials, but cobalt resources are increasingly scarce and expensive, and lithium cobalt oxide batteries have safety risks during use.
Graphite anode material : Due to its good conductivity and chemical stability, it has become one of the most commonly used anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. It can reversibly embed and extract lithium ions, thereby storing and releasing electrical energy during the charge and discharge process. Graphite has a stable crystal structure and a large molecular distance, which is compatible with lithium ion insertion and stripping. At the same time, its large specific surface area provides a large electrochemical reaction surface, which helps to improve the energy density and power density of the battery.
Hard carbon: Hard carbon is carbon that will not graphitize after high temperature treatment. Its internal crystals are disordered and the interlayer spacing is large. This unique structure allows the hard carbon negative electrode to store more charge in the same volume, thereby improving the energy density and endurance of the battery.
Soft carbon: refers to amorphous carbon that can be graphitized under high temperature conditions (usually greater than 2500°C). Soft carbon materials have lower crystallinity (i.e., graphitization degree) and higher reversible specific capacity, generally greater than 300mAh/g. In addition, soft carbon materials also have good compatibility with electrolytes, which helps to improve the cycle stability of the battery.
Tab: It is a metal conductor that leads the positive and negative electrodes from the inside of the battery. Its shape is similar to an "ear", hence the name. Tabs are usually composed of metal strips and rubber strips. The metal strips are used for conductivity, while the rubber strips play a role in sealing and connection.
Binder: Also known as adhesive or bonding agent, it is a substance that can tightly connect two or more materials together through physical or chemical action. It is generally a mixture of multiple components, including but not limited to base materials.
Solvent: Battery-grade solvent refers to a high-purity organic compound used to prepare the electrolyte solution in the battery. As a carrier of the electrolyte, the solvent can dissolve the electrolyte salt and promote the conduction of ions between the positive and negative electrodes of the battery, thereby ensuring the normal operation and performance of the battery.
Conductive agent : A conductive material added during the production of the electrode to ensure that the electrode has good charge and discharge performance. It collects microcurrents between active materials and between active materials and current collectors to reduce the contact resistance of the electrode and accelerate the movement rate of electrons. It can also effectively increase the migration rate of lithium ions in the electrode material, thereby improving the charge and discharge efficiency of the electrode.
Additives: Lithium battery additives can be divided into many types according to their functions and effects, mainly including film-forming additives, functional additives, safety additives, etc.
1.Film-forming additives
Definition : It is mainly used to form a stable and dense solid electrolyte membrane (SEI) on the surface of the electrode to prevent direct contact between the electrode and the electrolyte, thereby avoiding internal short circuit of the battery.
Common types : such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), etc.
2.Functional additives
Definition : Mainly used to improve certain battery properties, such as increasing battery capacity, improving battery charge and discharge efficiency, and increasing battery cycle life.
Common types : including surfactants, rheological agents, particle reinforcements, wetting and dispersing agents, etc.
3.Safety Additives
Definition : Mainly used to improve the safety performance of batteries, such as flame retardants, explosion-proof agents, etc.
Common types : such as LiAlO2, LiBOB, LiPF6, etc.
Copper foil: Lithium battery copper foil is a metal copper foil produced by electrolysis and surface treated with copper raw materials. The thickness is usually less than 18 microns, and the most commonly used is copper foil less than 12 microns. It acts as a carrier of negative electrode active materials in lithium batteries and as a current collector for negative electrode electron collection and conduction. It has an important impact on the negative electrode manufacturing process and electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries.
Aluminum foil: Lithium battery aluminum foil refers to the positive electrode foil of lithium-ion batteries, that is, non-modified positive electrode foil with a thickness of about 0.01mm, also known as current collector aluminum foil. The current collector is one of the core components of lithium batteries. Its main function is to collect the current generated by the active materials of the battery in order to form a larger current output, and it needs to be in full contact with the active materials. In lithium batteries, aluminum foil is often used as a positive electrode current collector due to its excellent conductivity, ductility and corrosion resistance.
Bottom gasket insulator: As the name implies, it is a gasket located at the bottom of a lithium battery. It is mainly used to fill the gaps inside the battery due to the size and material differences between components, and to improve the compressibility and safety of the battery. Specifically, the functions of the bottom gasket of a lithium battery mainly include sealing, isolation, fixing, and shock absorption .
Tape: It is a pressure-sensitive tape widely used in the intermediate production process of lithium battery cells (such as winding/lamination, shell welding and sealing, etc.). Its main function is to insulate, fix lithium battery components, and protect various parts inside the battery.
Center pin: It is an important component inside the lithium battery. It is located in the center of the battery and is used to connect the positive and negative electrodes of the battery and serve as a channel for current transmission. Its main functions : current transmission, structural support, and thermal management.
Laminated aluminum plastic film: It is a key material for soft-pack lithium battery cell packaging. It is a high-strength, high-barrier multi-layer composite material composed of a variety of plastics, aluminum foil and adhesives. It has extremely high barrier properties, electrolyte stability, cold stamping formability, puncture resistance and insulation, and is the most critical safety link in soft-pack lithium batteries.
Plate: The two electrodes of a chemical power source, composed of an active substance and a "collector" for support and conduction, and is generally a sheet-like porous body. When making plates, the active substance is often not added directly to the collector, but a specific process is used to make the raw materials into a specific form, and then combined with the collector. For example, in lead-acid batteries, common plate forms include pasted plates and tubular plates.
Positive plate: It is the plate with the more positive electrode potential in the battery. During the battery charging and discharging process, the active material on the positive plate will participate in the electrochemical reaction, store and release electrical energy. At the same time, the positive plate is also an important part of the battery's external circuit to ensure that the current can pass smoothly.
Negative plate: It is the plate with a more negative electrode potential in the battery, and together with the positive plate, it constitutes the basic structure of the battery. During the discharge process of the battery, the active material on the negative plate undergoes an oxidation reaction, releasing electrons and flowing to the positive plate through an external circuit, thereby generating current. During the charging process, the negative plate receives the electrons flowing back from the positive plate, causing the active material to undergo a reduction reaction and return to its original state.
Electrode: two terminals used to input or output current in a conductive medium (solid, gas, vacuum or electrolyte solution). The input current is called the anode or positive electrode, and the current is released is called the cathode or negative electrode. The function of the electrode is to act as a conducting medium for current, carry and convert electrical energy in the circuit, including providing a path for electron flow, realizing electrochemical reactions, converting signals, etc.
Active surface of an electrode: refers to the specific area of the electrode material that is in contact with the electrolyte solution and can participate in the electrochemical reaction. These areas usually have unique physical and chemical properties, such as high specific surface area, high conductivity and abundant catalytic active sites. The main functions are: providing charge transfer channels, catalyzing electrochemical reactions, and increasing the reaction area.
Electrolyte: A compound that is dissolved in an aqueous solution or in a molten state and can conduct electricity. According to their degree of ionization, electrolytes can be divided into strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes. Strong electrolytes are almost completely ionized, while weak electrolytes are only partially ionized. Electrolytes are substances bound by ionic bonds or polar covalent bonds. When dissolved in water or heated, they can dissociate into free-moving ions, thereby conducting electricity.
Separator: It is a thin film material located between the positive and negative electrodes of the battery, which has a direct impact on the safety and cost of the battery. Its main functions are: isolating the positive and negative electrodes, allowing ions to pass through, improving safety, regulating the internal pressure of the battery, and controlling the battery capacity.
Leakage: It is the phenomenon that liquid, gas or other substances escape from the inside of the battery. This leakage may be caused by many reasons, including but not limited to sealing problems, safety valve failure, terminal leakage, etc.
Active material: refers to substances that can participate in chemical reactions during the battery charging and discharging process. They store and release electrical energy through oxidation and reduction reactions.
Electrochemical reaction: refers to a chemical reaction that occurs in an electrolyte solution due to the action of electric current. It belongs to the category of electrochemistry and is a branch of chemistry that studies the relationship between electricity and chemical changes. Electrochemical reactions can be divided into two categories: electrolysis reactions and battery reactions.
Electrode polarization: refers to the phenomenon that when current passes through an electrode, the electrode potential deviates from the reversible electrode potential. This deviation is caused by the slow speed of a certain step in the electrode reaction process, causing the electrode potential to deviate from its equilibrium state.
Concentration polarization: refers to the phenomenon that during the separation process (such as membrane separation) or electrolysis process, the concentration of solutes (ions or solutes of different molecular weights) changes at the interface or boundary layer, resulting in increased fluid resistance and local osmotic pressure, which in turn affects the solvent permeation flux or electrode potential.
Ohmic polarization: refers to the process in which the positive and negative ions in the material are redistributed and oriented under the action of the electric field, resulting in the polarization of the material as a whole. It can also be called resistive polarization, which is a phenomenon that occurs in electrochemical systems due to the resistance of the electrolyte to the flow of current.
Activation polarization: also known as electrochemical polarization or chemical polarization, is a basic form of electrode polarization. It refers to the phenomenon that the electrode potential deviates from the equilibrium potential due to the delay of the electrochemical reaction of the electrode.
Anodic polarization: It is the phenomenon that the anode potential deviates from its equilibrium potential and moves in the positive direction due to the action of an applied current in the electrochemical process. Principle : In an electrochemical system, when an external current passes through the anode, the original equilibrium state is broken, an oxidation reaction occurs on the anode surface, and electrons flow out of the anode into the external circuit. Since the electron outflow rate is greater than the speed at which metal ions on the anode surface enter the solution, positive charges accumulate on the anode surface, causing the anode potential to move in the positive direction.
Cathodic polarization: It is the phenomenon that the cathode potential in a primary cell or electrolytic cell moves in a negative direction after a current passes through it. Principle : In an electrochemical system, when an external current passes through the cathode, a reduction reaction occurs on the cathode surface, and electrons flow from the external circuit into the cathode. If the cathode reaction does not have time to absorb these electrons, the electrons will accumulate at the cathode, causing the potential of the cathode region to deviate from the equilibrium potential and change in a negative direction, thus forming cathodic polarization.
Side reaction: refers to additional and redundant reactions that occur during the operation of the battery in addition to the main battery reaction. These reactions will have an adverse effect on the performance of the battery, such as reducing charging efficiency, reducing battery capacity, shortening battery life or causing battery performance degradation.
Capacity: Indicates the amount of electricity that a battery can discharge under certain conditions (such as discharge rate, temperature, termination voltage, etc.), usually in ampere-hours (A·h) or milliampere-hours (mAh). Among them, 1A·h equals 3600 coulombs (C), and 1Ah equals 1000mAh.
Voltage: A physical quantity that measures the uniformity of charge distribution inside a battery. It represents the potential difference between the positive and negative electrodes of the battery. Simply put, the battery voltage is the "pressure" inside the battery. This pressure causes electrons to flow from the positive electrode to the negative electrode through the external circuit, thereby generating current.
Current: It is a physical quantity that describes the speed at which charge flows in a battery. It reflects the amount of current that the battery can provide under specific conditions (such as discharge rate, temperature, load, etc.).
Internal resistance: refers to the resistance encountered by the current flowing through the battery when the battery is working. It is an important technical indicator to measure the battery performance. The battery internal resistance mainly includes ohmic internal resistance and polarization internal resistance, among which polarization internal resistance includes electrochemical polarization internal resistance and concentration polarization internal resistance.
Rated capacity: refers to the time that the battery can continuously supply current under specific load conditions when fully charged, or expressed in physical units, a measure of the amount of electricity that the battery can store and release.
Residual capacity: refers to the amount of electricity that the battery can store and release in its current state, that is, the total amount of electricity that the battery can provide from its current state to full discharge. This indicator is crucial for evaluating the battery's usage status, predicting the remaining usage time, and ensuring the normal operation of the device.
Volumetric capacity: refers to the amount of electrical energy that a battery or active material can store and release per unit volume. It is usually expressed in milliampere-hours per milliliter (mAh/mL) or milliampere-hours per cubic centimeter (mAh/cm³), reflecting the energy density of the battery in terms of volume.
Gravimetric capacity: also known as weight capacity, refers to the amount of electricity that a unit mass of battery or active material can provide when fully discharged. It is usually expressed in milliampere hours per gram (mAh/g) or watt-hour per kilogram (Wh/kg), reflecting the energy density of the battery in terms of mass.
Area capacity: refers to the amount of energy that a battery can provide per unit area (such as the surface area of an electrode), which reflects the energy density of the battery in terms of area. This indicator is usually expressed in mAh/cm² or F/cm² (for capacitive energy storage devices).
Capacity per gram: also known as capacity density or mass specific capacity, usually expressed in milliampere-hours per gram (mAh/g). It reflects the amount of electricity that can be stored and released per unit mass of active material and is one of the important parameters for measuring the energy storage capacity of batteries.
Temperature coefficient: refers to the ratio of the battery output voltage to temperature change, usually expressed as the voltage change per degree Celsius (such as mV/℃ or V/K). Significance : It reflects the battery's ability to maintain a stable output voltage under different temperature conditions. The smaller the temperature coefficient, the less sensitive the battery is to temperature changes and the more stable the output voltage.
Battery energy: the total amount of electrical energy stored in a battery, which indicates the energy that a battery can release under certain conditions. It is expressed in watt-hours (Wh), which is the product of the battery's rated voltage, operating current, and operating time.
Volumetric energy: also known as "volumic energy density", refers to the amount of energy that a battery can provide per unit volume. It reflects the energy density of the battery in the volume dimension.
Gravimetric energy: also known as mass energy density, is a physical quantity that describes the energy that a battery can output per unit mass. It is one of the important indicators for evaluating battery performance and has a significant impact on the overall mass and driving range of electric vehicles.
Volumetric power : also known as "volumetric power density", refers to the ratio of the power output of a battery to its volume. It is one of the important indicators for evaluating battery performance.
Cycle life: refers to the number of full charges and discharges a battery can withstand before its capacity drops to a specified value (such as 80% of the initial capacity) under a certain charge and discharge regime.
Charge/discharge curve: It is a graphical representation of the change of voltage or capacity of a battery over time during the charge and discharge process. These curves are important for evaluating battery performance, optimizing battery use, and predicting battery life.
Discharge current: It is the current formed when a battery or a battery discharges the stored energy to the load. It is an important indicator of battery performance and directly affects the battery's service life and efficiency.
Discharge rate: refers to the speed at which the battery voltage decreases from the initial value to the final value during the discharge process, or it can be understood as the current value required for the battery to discharge its rated capacity within a specified time. It is an important indicator for measuring battery discharge performance.
Over-discharge: refers to the behavior of a battery that continues to discharge after the voltage is lower than the specified termination voltage. During the discharge process of the battery, the stored electrical energy is gradually released and the voltage slowly decreases. When the voltage drops to a certain specified value, the discharge should be stopped and recharged to restore the battery's energy storage state. If the discharge continues below this specified value, it is over-discharge.
Short-circuit: For some reason, the positive and negative electrodes of the battery are connected to each other with very low resistance, forming an abnormal path. According to Ohm's law (I=U/R), when the voltage U is constant, the smaller the resistance R, the greater the current I. Therefore, when the battery is short-circuited, a very large current will be generated. At the same time, according to Joule's law (Q=I²Rt), a large current will generate a lot of heat when passing through the conductor, causing the battery temperature to rise sharply.
Short-circuit current: refers to the current that flows through the short-circuit path when a battery short-circuits. This current is usually very large and may far exceed the rated current of the battery, causing serious damage to the battery and surrounding equipment, and may even cause a fire or explosion.
Self-discharge: It is a phenomenon that the battery power gradually decreases when not in use or in storage due to various factors inside the battery, such as side reactions of the electrolyte, instability of the electrode material, physical micro-short circuit, diaphragm defects, ambient temperature, storage status, etc. For lithium-ion batteries, self-discharge is mainly caused by chemical reactions inside the battery, such as the migration of lithium ions in the electrolyte and the redox reaction of the electrode material.
Depth of discharge: It is an important indicator to measure the battery usage status. It reflects the ratio of the battery's used capacity to the total capacity. This ratio is usually expressed as a percentage. The specific calculation method is: DOD = (1 - current remaining power / total battery power) × 100%.
Discharge rate/charge rate: refers to the current value required for a battery to discharge or charge its rated capacity within a specified time, usually represented by the letter C. Numerically, it is equal to the ratio of the charge and discharge current to the rated capacity, that is, C = I/Q, where I represents the charge and discharge current (in amperes A) and Q represents the rated capacity of the battery (in ampere-hours Ah).
Discharge voltage: It is the potential difference between the two electrodes of the battery when the battery passes through the external circuit during the discharge process. It is always lower than the open circuit voltage of the battery because the current must overcome the internal resistance of the battery when passing through the battery. The size of the discharge voltage is related to factors such as the type, capacity, discharge current and discharge time of the battery.
End-of-discharge voltage: It is an important parameter in the battery discharge process, which marks the end point of battery discharge. When the battery voltage drops below the end-of-discharge voltage, if the battery continues to discharge, it may cause irreversible damage to the battery, such as capacity reduction, shortened life, or even damage. Therefore, it is important to reasonably control the end-of-discharge voltage of the battery to protect the battery and extend its service life.
Nominal voltage: refers to the average output voltage value of the battery from the beginning of discharge to the end of discharge when the battery is fully charged. It reflects the rated operating voltage range of the battery and provides an important reference for the application, charging, and protection of the battery.
Open-circuit voltage: It is equal to the difference between the positive electrode potential and the negative electrode potential of the battery when the battery is disconnected (i.e. when no current passes through the two poles). In the actual battery system, since the potentials established at the two poles of the battery are mostly stable potentials, the open-circuit voltage is actually the difference between the stable potentials of the two poles. The open-circuit voltage is generally smaller than the electromotive force of the battery, but it can be approximately considered that the open-circuit voltage is the electromotive force of the battery.
Working voltage: It is the voltage value actually provided by the battery during the discharge process. Since there is internal resistance inside the battery, when the current flows through the battery, it must overcome the resistance of the internal resistance, so the working voltage is always lower than the open circuit voltage of the battery (that is, the voltage when the battery is not connected to any load or external circuit).
Shell voltage: Battery shell voltage is not a standard parameter of batteries, but in some cases, such as fault diagnosis or performance evaluation, the voltage between the battery shell and the electrode is measured. This voltage value can reflect the internal state of the battery, such as internal resistance, electrolyte condition, and whether there is a short circuit.
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