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An Overview of the Four Steps in the Formation of Lithium Batteries

An Overview of the Four Steps in the Formation of Lithium Batteries

The formation process is an indispensable step in the manufacturing of lithiumion batteries, as it directly affects the battery’s performance, safety, and lifespan.

One of the key roles during the formation process is the formation of a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film on the surface of the anode.

The SEI film protects the anode material from further erosion by the electrolyte, preventing the dissolution of the anode material in the electrolyte and thus extending the battery’s lifespan.

At the same time, a stable SEI film can prevent the continuous decomposition of the electrolyte during subsequent charging and discharging cycles, reducing internal side reactions and thereby minimizing performance degradation.

The formation process of lithium batteries is divided into four steps: open-circuit charging, closed-circuit charging, closed-circuit aging, and closed-circuit discharging.

1.Open-Circuit Charging (Pre-charging or Gas Venting)

This step primarily involves charging at a low current, aimed at forming a stable and dense SEI film and allowing gases generated from reactions involving additives in the electrolyte to be released, thus minimizing their impact on the battery’s cycling and rate performance.

2.Closed-Circuit Charging

Based on the open circuit charging in the first step, the charging current is increased. At this point, some additives in the electrolyte have already reacted, and a dense SEI film has formed. However, it is necessary to gradually increase the current to ensure that the SEI film transitions from a dense to a loosely packed state. Increasing the charging current also shortens the charging time, improving production efficiency.

3.Closed-Circuit Aging

This is the interval time between the first charging and the first discharging. After the lithium-ion battery is fully charged for the first time, it requires a resting period to eliminate polarization within the battery, which significantly impacts capacity and impedance.

4.Closed-Circuit Discharging

The fully charged battery undergoes its first discharge, completing the entire activation process. By this point, the SEI film on the anode surface has largely formed, so this discharge current can be equal to or slightly greater than the charging current from the second step. However, the current should not be excessively high, as a high current can lead to severe polarization and rapid temperature rise in the battery.

Additionally, to ensure the consistency of the battery, a portion of small current discharging should be conducted after the high current discharging.

These four steps work together to ensure the formation of a good SEI film during the initial charge and discharge, which is crucial for the long-term performance and safety of the battery. By systematically optimizing the process parameters of these stages, the optimal formation process can be achieved, enhancing the electrochemical performance and production efficiency of the battery while reducing manufacturing costs.

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